如何成为道德领导？

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  虽然他的学术生涯发端于历史学，但很快就在文学理论领域取得成就，并继续从文论拓展至人类学、语言学、符号学、神学、学和哲学。
  Girard left his native France in 1947 at the age of 24, initially for only a year, but has since made the US his home. He earned a PhD from Indiana University and, during his long career, has published many influential books in French and English, including Deceit, Desire and the Novel: Self and Other in Literary Structure, Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World and Violence and the Sacred.
  1947年，24岁的吉拉尔离开祖国法国，最初的安排只有一年，未曾想从此他就安家美国。从印第安纳(Indiana University)取得博士后，在他漫长的学术生涯中，他用法语和英语出版了多部影响巨大的著作，包括《欺骗、和小说：文学结构中的自者与他者》(Deceit, Desire and the Novel: Self and Other in Literary Structure)、《创世以来的隐蔽事物》(Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World)和《力与神圣》(Violence and the Sacred)。
  I had the pleasure of learning from, and getting to know, Girard while I was a student at Stanford University. His theories have proved a potent lens through which to view the dynamics of workplaces, communities, human relationships and choices. Anyone who grasps them can become a more effective and ethical manager.
  我在斯坦福(Stanford University)求学期间，有幸结识吉拉尔，向他学习。事实证明，在观察职场、、人际关系和人的选择时，吉拉尔的理论能一个强有力的视角。谁掌握了他的理论，谁就能成为更有效、更有道德感召力的管理者。
  The foundation on which Girard’s reputation is built is his insistence that human desire is not intrinsic but mediated, or “mimetic”. In other words, we do not want things purely from a place within ourselves; we want things because someone else wants them – or already has them.
  吉拉尔取得如此声誉的一个基础是，他坚持认为人的并非固有的，而是受介体影响，或者说是“模仿的”。也就是说，我们对一个事物的渴望并不是纯粹来自于内心，而是因为其他人也想要，或已经拥有。
  Imagine two pairs of jeans that are identical, except that one bears a famous label. Why will consumers pay triple or more for the labelled clothing? They may want to be more like the attractive model wearing them in the promotional picture, but they will gain no additional benefit except for the knowledge that others will desire those jeans more. Thus they perpetuate the desire for that label among those who envy them.
  假设有两条完全相同的牛仔裤，差别只是其中一条上有名牌标签，为什么消费者会愿意为有品牌的衣服支付三倍乃至更高的价钱？他们可能是想让自己更像宣传海报上穿着这条牛仔裤的模特那样有吸引力，但除了知道他人会更想穿这条牛仔裤之外，他们并不会得到其他收益。这样一来，他们就在想要这条牛仔裤的其他人中延续了对品牌的渴望。
  Successful branders and advertisers have long been manipulating these factors. But an understanding of this dynamic is not only useful for selfish ends. It is also an important mechanism for understanding and managing many aspects of human behaviour, not least the dynamics of the workplace.
  成功的品牌塑造者和广告商长期以来一直纵着这些因素。但对这种现象的理解并非只适用于自私的目的。对于理解和管理人类行为中的许多方面，尤其是职场动态，也是一个重要的机制。
  First, the smaller and more insular the community, the more the people within it become similar. Our own interests and tastes (themselves products of earlier communities) are minimised, buried and eventually forgotten as we are homogenised into the communal set of desires. This is why small, isolated towns, and even small companies, tend to develop such eccentric cultures.
  Second, this escalating homogeneity inevitably spirals into conflict and violence, because soon everyone is competing for the same things. The community could then splinter but instead tends to regroup and refresh its unity by focusing all of its violence on a scapegoat – one element within the community that it names and drives out. A season of peace then follows, until problems resurface and the search for a new scapegoat begins.
  其次，这种不断增强的同质化趋势会不可避免地螺旋升级，造成和力，因为很快每个人都会开始争抢同样的东西。可能因此，但往往还会重新组织，并通过将的全部力瞄准一个替罪羊，而重新团结起来。的一名成员被指为替罪羊后就会被驱逐。之后会出现一个和平的时期，直到问题再次出现，重新开始寻找新的替罪羊。
  Office politics may often be seen as an attempt to identify a new scapegoat, but shrewd managers should be alert to these dynamics and their own role in them. Senior managers in positions to which many others in the workplace aspire should be particularly alert to the way they are shaping workplace culture to be an extension of their own behaviour.
  办公室政治经常可以被视为寻找新替罪羊的尝试，但聪明的管理者应当警惕这种趋势，警惕自己在其中扮演的角色。如果一个高级管理者所担任的职位，工作场所中的许多人都有志企及，那么他尤其应该警觉自己按照自身行为的延伸塑造办公室文化的方式。
  Girard’s reasoning is particularly challenging within the context of ethical leadership, which he moves from the “simple” sphere of making decisions in line with personal values to demonstrate the inevitability of cultural creation: that ethics (as a set of desires) cannot be strictly personal but are necessarily communal and inevitably imposed on one another. Thus leaders must have a clear ethical vision and be willing to reflect on and reform the morality of the culture and systems they lead.
  吉拉尔的论证在“道德”(ethical leadership)的语境下尤其具有挑战性，他脱离了根据个人价值观做出决策的“简单”层面，阐述了文化创造的必然性：道德（作为一系列）严格意义上并不是个人的，必然是共有的，从而不可避免地会强加于彼此。因此，者必须有一个明确的道德见解，并愿意对他们的文化和体系的道德进行反思和改革。
  Likewise, at Melbourne Business School’s Centre for Ethical Leadership we do not accept that ethical leaders are simply those who act ethically. They must also understand and internalise their moral values, apply them in both simple and dynamic contexts and be able to influence the world in which they operate. These individuals can lead others to be ethical and can shape cultures and systems to foster ethical behaviour.
  类似的，在墨尔本商学院道德中心(Melbourne Business School Centre for Ethical Leadership)，我们不接受只要独善其身，便能成为道德的观点。他们还必须理解并内化自身的道德价值观，在或简单或多变的语境中加以应用，并有能力影响自己所处的世界。这些人能够其他人践行道德，可以塑造文化和体制，从而鼓励符合道德的行为。
  To be a leader in this last sense requires a profound understanding of how cultures operate. Being an ethical leader means identifying the dynamics of mimetic desire and scapegoating in an organisation and thwarting their negative effects.
  要成为符合这种意义的者，就需要对各种文化的运行方式有深刻的理解。身为道德者意味着要辨识出一个组织中模仿的动态变化、以及发现寻找替罪羊的现象，并遏制其消极影响。
  Before they manage anything else, managers manage people (not least themselves). A careful study of Girardian anthropology can help them avoid many traps.
  管理者在管理事之前，首先要会管理人，尤其是自己。认真阅读吉拉尔的人类学著作可以帮助他们躲开许多陷阱。
  The writer is dean of Melbourne Business School
  本文作者是墨尔本商学院院长。译者/王柯伦

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